Anuria is the failure of the kidney to produce urine. Oliguria, on the other hand, is the production of an insufficient amount of urine to maintain homeostasis.
Causes may be pre-renal with hypovolemia, heart failure, and shock; renal with acute glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, uratic nephropathy, acute tubular necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis from toxins or drugs; and postrenal with obstruction. It is necessary to proceed with a quick history, assessment of the circulatory status, bladder characterization, and undergo a renal ultrasound.
In the case of pre-renal failure, circulation must be restored with hydration, transfusion, or shock therapy. In the case of organic insufficiency, it is necessary to put the child on general measures with weight control and fluid and diuresis control.
Drug therapy involves fluid intake and correction of hyperpotassemia. It is important to avoid drugs or substances that may increase kidney damage. In terms of nutrition, calories and protein should be provided according to age and weight requirements.
Source: Medical Emergencies in Pediatrics by Mediserve edited by Maurizio Vanelli
