Lumbar vertebral stenosis is the narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal that compresses spinal nerves and nerve roots in the cauda equina before they exit the foramina. Causes positional back pain, nerve root compression symptoms in the foramen, and lower extremity pain when walking or under load.
stenosis
Jugular stenosis: what is it?
Jugular stenosis involves narrowing of the jugular veins that prevents the normal removal of blood from the brain and central nervous system.
The origin of the disorder may be a congenital malformation of the venous vessels, thickening of the venous walls, valvular changes, abnormal twisting of the veins. Jugular narrowing results in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Still controversial is the link between jugular stenosis and the formation of sclerotic plaques, the origin of multiple sclerosis.
