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Types of poisoning: fluoroacetates

Fluoroacetates are powerful poisons and their use is limited to special conditions, such as aboard ships or in sewers. Fluroacetates block the tricarboxylic acid cycle of carbohydrate metabolism. Their toxic

Poisonings: dinitro-compounds

These compounds are used in orchards as a “winter wash” and as a herbicides in summer. From a toxicological point of view, their action biochemistry is common to all compounds.

Complications in bipolar disorder

From the clinical point of view, it should be mentioned that sometimes bipolar disorder may be accompanied by some pre-existing conditions that may aggravate an already quite serious condition, with more intense symptoms, for which the applied therapy may yield results of lesser effectiveness. But which ones are the most present?

The family and the patient with bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder not only disrupts the patient's life but also makes the lives of those around him difficult and sometimes painful. People affected by this disorder often have difficulty acknowledging their mental state to themselves.

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Prevention with this disorder is not comparable to what is required for other clinical conditions, as it is a disorder of the mind that affects the mood sphere, but intervening in a timely manner at the first signs of mental illness is a definite advantage with respect to the future condition of the sick person, thus preventing the worsening of the illness.

Foreign body (in the respiratory tract)

Children between 6 months and 3 years of age often get find themselves struggling with a foreign body in the respiratory tract. Symptoms are spasmodic coughing and sudden stridor in

The cardiovascular system during poisonings

Poisoning can also cause cardiovascular collapse; in fact, antidepressant drugs can trigger cardiac arrhythmias, consequently altering cardiac output. It is necessary, therefore, to measure blood pressure and heart rate at

Initial assessment and patient management: initial care

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A physician grappling with a poisoning does not have a battery of antidotes available, and their use in medical practice is the exception.

Compared with other medical emergencies, acute poisoning is difficult to diagnose. Depressed subjects are often found unconscious with a letter and an empty tablet case next to them. Or a child is found gnawing and chewing on something inedible. Initially perhaps poisoning is not suspected, and only after the patient is resuscitated can the true cause of the condition be understood.

Examination of the patient

The physician must pay attention only to the patient and not to the inconsistent explanations of those who accompanied the victim. In the absence of critical symptomatology , a complete examination should be done by evaluating: level of consciousness, respiration, circulatory status, presence of seizures, pupil diameter, injection marks, body temperature, skin condition, and lesions.

Emergency treatment

Emergency treatment consists of resuscitative measures. If the patient is able to breathe spontaneously, you need to put him on his side, remove any obvious obstruction and intubate him.

If the patient, on the other hand, is unconscious, lateral decubitus is important, preferably with the head slightly down and avoiding tongue drop.

If the pulse is not regular, it is necessary to elevate the feet about 20° to promote venous return to the heart.

If the patient has seizures , intravenous injections of 5-10 mg dizepam should be given immediately. If, on the other hand, he has inhaled toxic gases or vapors, it is necessary to remove him from the polluted environment and ensure adequate ventilation.

Finally, if the patient has eyes, skin and clothes contaminated with toxic material, it is necessary to immediately flush the eyes with saline solution, remove the clothes and wash the contaminated skin, immediately covering it with a clean blanket.

Source: Roy Goulding’s Vademecum of Poisoning Therapy.

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